以单株产量等为代表的重要性状是选育小麦高产良种的主攻目标性状, 分析小麦重要产量性状的数量遗传特性, 为深入研究其遗传机制提供依据。本研究选用品冬34为母本(P₁)和BARRAN为父本(P₂)配置杂交组合, 在2年4个环境下应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对该组合单世代(P₁、P₂、RIL_7:8、RIL_8:9)单株产量、千粒重、株高、穗下节间长、旗叶上节间长和分蘖数进行遗传及相关分析。结果表明, 除千粒重和分蘖数外, 其余性状间均显著或极显著相关, 穗下节间长与旗叶上节间长平均相关系数达0.91 (P≤0.001)。最优遗传模型对于单株产量是4对加性上位性主基因+多基因遗传模型, 其主基因加性效应值分别为3.78、2.89、-6.18和0.15, 多基因遗传率为86.23%; 对于千粒重是2对互补作用主基因+加性效应多基因混合遗传模型, 多基因加性效应值是22.37, 主基因遗传率为66.96%, 多基因遗传率为28.25%; 对于株高是2对累积作用主基因+加性作用多基因混合遗传模型, 控制株高的第1对主基因加性效应值是5.15, 加性×加性上位性互作效应值为-9.66, 多基因加性效应值为-9.31, 主基因遗传率为58.57%, 多基因遗传率为39.71%; 对于穗下节间长和旗叶上节间长均是加性-上位性多基因遗传模型, 其主基因遗传率分别为97.65%和99.14%; 对于分蘖数是加性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型, 主基因遗传率为78.89%, 多基因遗传率为19.87%。这些性状在多个环境下主要受主基因+多基因混合遗传控制。在选育优良品系的过程中, 要兼顾适应生态环境条件的重要表现, 进一步为筛选与目标性状紧密连锁标记及推进分子标记辅助选择提供理论依据。

The important traits represented by yield per plant are the main target traits in high-yield breeding of wheat, and analysing then the quantitative genetic characteristics will provide a basis for further study on the genetic mechanism. In this study, we selected the winter Pingdong 34 as the female parent (P₁) and the Barran as the male parent (P₂) to configure the hybrid combination, and applied the main gene + polygene mixed genetic model method to analyse the length and number of tillers in the single generation (P₁, P₂) RIL_7:8, RIL_8:9 at four environments in two years genetic model and correlation among yield per plant, 1000-grain weight, plant height, internode length, internode length and number of tillers. There were significant or extremely significant condation among all the traits, except for the 1000-grain weight and number of tillers. The average correlation coefficient between the internodes and the upper leaves of the flag was 0.91 (P ≤ 0.001). The optimal genetic model for yield per plant was four pairs of additive epigenetic gene + polygenic genetic model with the main gene additive effect values of 3.78, 2.89, -6.18, and 0.15, respectively, and the multigene heritability of 86.23%. The optimal genetic model of 1000-grain weight of a mixed genetic model with two pairs of complementary main genes + additive effects. The multi-gene additive effect value was 22.37, the main gene heritability was 66.96%, and the multi-gene heritability was 28.25%. The optimal genetic model of plant height was a mixed genetic model of two pairs of cumulative main genes + additive multigenes. The additive value of the first pair of main genes controlling plant height was 5.15. Additive × additive epistatic interaction value was -9.66, the multigene additive effect value was -9.31, the major gene heritability was 58.57%, and the polygene heritability was 39.71%. The optimal genetic model of the internode length below spike above the flag leaf was the additive-superordinate multi-gene genetic model, and the main gene heritability was 97.65% and 99.14%, respectively. The optimal genetic model of the number of tillers was an additive-superordinate multi-gene mixed genetic model with a genetic rate of 78.89% for primary genes and 19.87% for multiple genes. These traits were mainly dominated by the combination of major gene + polygene in multiple environments. In the process of breeding excellent strains, it is necessary to take into account the important performances adapting to the ecological environment conditions, and further provide a theoretical basis for screening closely linked to target traits markers and promoting molecular marker-assisted selection.